ISC Class 11 Biology Syllabus 2023-24 (PDF Download) (2023)

(i) The living world

What is life? The need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; the concept of species and taxonomic hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; taxonomy research tools - museums, zoos, herbaria, botanical gardens, wrench. Characteristics of living organisms. Discuss the need for classification. Three areas of life - distinguishing features (archaea, bacteria, eukarya). Definition and explanation of taxonomy (numerical taxonomy, cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy) and systematics. The concept of genre. Major taxonomic hierarchies (type, class, order, family, genus, species): definition and examples in relation to the classification of man, housefly, mango and wheat. Principles of binomial nomenclature and advantages of using scientific names. Taxonomy Learning Aids - A very short introduction to museums and herbaria, zoos and botanical gardens. Definition of taxonomic keys. Three classification systems - artificial, natural and phylogenetic.

(ii) Biological classification

classification of the five kingdoms; most important characteristics and classification of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Lichens, viruses and viroids.

(a) The classification system of the five kingdoms and the characteristics of the various kingdoms with examples.

(b) Kingdom Monera: Bacteria - classification of bacteria by form, diet and respiration; differences between gram+ve and gram–ve bacteria; types of reproduction - definition of fission, conjugation, transduction and transformation (details are not required). A brief overview of the role of different types of archebacteria (methanogens, halophiles and thermoacidophiles in their extreme environments). Mycoplasma - three characteristics. Economic importance, given the role of bacteria in sewage treatment, antibiotics, energy production and household products (curd and cheese only).

(c) Kingdom Protista - only two general characteristics and two examples of subgroups: (i) chrysophytes (ii) dinoflagellates, (iii) euglenoids, (iv) slime molds, (v) protozoa (for examination under rhizomes, flagellates, ciliates) and sporozoa with two characteristics, including ways of moving and two examples for each).

(d) Kingdom fungi: general characteristics and reproduction of each (including spore types and sexual reproduction - definition of isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy, plasmogamy, karyogamy and dikaryophase). Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes - characteristics with examples. The role of fungi in medicine, baking and decomposition in the environment. Definition of lichens and mycorrhizae (ecto and endo).

(e) Virus (characteristics - relationship between living and non-living, structure of TMV and bacteriophage, and contributions from the following scientists: D.J. Ivanowsky, M.W. Beijerinck, W.M. Stanley) and Viroid (definition only).

(iii) The plant kingdom

(a) Algae - characteristics (morphology, common name, main pigments, stored food, composition of the cell wall, number of flagella and position of their attachment, habitat, method of sexual reproduction) and examples of Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae; Economic importance of algae - any five.
(b) Bryophyta - general properties, peculiarities of liverworts and mosses; graphical representation of the life cycle of Funaria, taking into account the change of generations. Economic importance of bryophytes.

c) Pteridophyta: characteristics; division into classes: psilopsida (Psilotum), lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium), sphenopsida (Equisetum) and pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris and Adiantum). Graphical representation of the life cycle of a typical fern. Definition of homospore and heterospore with relevant examples. Economic importance.

(d) Gymnosperms: general characteristics and graphic representation of the life cycle of a typical gymnosperm (Pinus). Economic importance.

(e) angiosperms - general characteristics and division into monocots and dicots; Graphical representation of the life cycle of a typical flowering plant.

(f) Comparison of life cycle patterns of different plant groups (haplontic, diplomatic and haplo-diplontic).

(iv) The animal kingdom

Animal kingdom: physique - body plan (cell aggregate plan, blind sac plan and tube-in-tube plan), symmetry (spherical, radial and bilateral symmetry), coelom development (diploblastic and triploblastic organization in animals, acelomat, pseudocoelomate), coelomates and hemocoelomates), segmentation. Non-chordata - five distinctive characters with two examples of Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda (Aschelminthes), Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata. Chordata - subclassification of Chordata due to notochords - sub phyla Urochordata, Cephalochordata. Vertebrates (classes - cyclostomats, chondrichthyans, osteoskeletal, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) - three distinguishing features with two examples for each).

(i) Morphology of flowering plants

(a) Morphology and modifications of root, stem, leaf.

Root types (main, fibrous, adventitious), regions, modifications of storage roots (tuberous - e.g. Mirabilis and sweet potato; spindly - e.g. radish; conical - e.g. carrot; conical - e.g. turnip), respiration (pneumatophores) and support (stilts and prop). Stems - features (nodes, internodes, buds), modifications - underground (bulb, rhizome, root), aboveground (tendrib, thorn, phylloclade, cladode) and underground (runners, shoots, runners, shifts). Leaves - parts of a simple leaf, venation, types of leaves (simple and compound - pinnate and palmate), phyllotaxis - alternate, opposite, pinnate (with each given). Modifications to mechanical support (thread), protection (spine), storage (onion), propagation (Bryophyllum); carnivorous plants (nepenthes, flycatcher).

(b) Morphology of flowers, fruits and seeds. Structure of a typical flower, types of inflorescences (spherical and cymose).

Typical flower structure, bracteates/ebracteates, [symmetry (actinomorphic, zygomorphic), trimeric/tetrameric/pentameric complete/incomplete, irrelevant whorls (calyx: gamopetal, polysepalous, corolla: gamopetalous, polysepalous, perianth, aestivation: lobate, whorl, imbricate, vexillary), essential whorls (androecium: coherence - syngenesis, synandro, monadelph, diadelph, polyadelph; adhesion - epipetal, epiphyllous; number of lobes - monothec, dithec; Gynoecium: ovary position - epigynic, hypogynic, perigynic, cohesion - apocarpic, syncarpic, number of places - single-chamber, two-chamber, multi-chamber], types of inflorescences (spherical and cymose - definition and differences; subtypes are not necessary)

(ii) Anatomy of flowering plants

(a) Plant tissues: types of plant tissues: Meristematic tissues: classification of meristematic tissues. Solid tissues: structure and function of simple tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma) and complex tissues (xylem and phloem), tissue system. Internal structure of roots, stems and leaves. Characteristics of meristematic tissue; classification of meristems based on origin and location; structure, function and location of solid tissues; simple and complex tissues; system of epidermal, underground and vascular tissue. Cell Diagrams T.S. roots and stems and V.S. monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous leaves are required.

(b) Secondary stem and root growth of a dicotyledonous plant

The basic idea of ​​how secondary growth takes place in the stems and roots of dicots (using frame diagrams) and the formation of annuals. Action of cambium and cork cambium, formation of secondary tissues, differences between heartwood and sapwood, early and late wood. Shell definition.

(iii) Structural organization of animals

(a) Animal tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue to learn with diagrams. Location, structure and functions of epithelial tissues (simple, multilayered, pseudostratified, specialized - transient, neurosensory and pigmented) with examples, types of connections (tight, adherent and gap junctions) Location and general structure of the envelope tissue - functions of different cell types (fibroblasts, macrophages ), mast cells, plasma cells, adipocytes); fibrous connective tissue (ligaments and tendons); the difference between bone and cartilage; types of cartilage (hyaline, white fibrous, yellow elastic and calcified); T.S. hyaline cartilages, TS and L.S. from mammal bones (learn with diagrams); different types of muscles and their functions; structure of neurons (types - unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, myelinated, non-myelinated). Neuroglial cells.

(b) Karaluch

Morphology, anatomy and functions of various systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of the insect (cockroach) - only superficially.

(i) Cell - unit of life

Theory of the cell and the cell as the basic unit of life: Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall (including the definition of plasmodesma); cell organelles - ultrastructure and function; intimal system (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles), mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles; nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

Historical aspects, cell theory, cell size and shape; general structure of a prokaryotic cell.

General structure of a eukaryotic cell, ultrastructure and function of the cell wall, cell membrane (description of the fluid mosaic model; functions of the plasma membrane: active and passive transport, a brief explanation of facilitated diffusion (uniport, symport and antiport) on one example. Mitochondria, nucleus (structure and types chromosomes based on the position of the centromere, satellite), types of plastids, arrangement of the intima (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles), ribosomes, microbodies, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella and centrioles; difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, plant and animal cells, microfilaments and microtubules, flagella and cilia.

(ii) Biomolecules

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes.

Carbohydrates: general breakdown and functions: monosaccharides (glucose, ribose and deoxyribose), disaccharides (maltose, lactose and sucrose), polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose, inulin and chitin).

Proteins: amino acids - (structure: glycine, alanine, serine); zwitterionic amino acids; examples of acidic, basic, neutral sulfur-containing amino acids; essential and non-essential amino acids; levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary); protein functions. Lipids: division, structure and functions of fats and oils.

Enzymes: general properties, nomenclature and classification of enzymes by type of reaction, cofactors (prosthetic groups, coenzymes and metal ions. Factors affecting enzyme activity - temperature, pH, substrate concentration. Competitive inhibitors.

(iii) Cell cycle and cell division

Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their importance. Definition of C value, different phases of the cell cycle (G_o, G₁, S i G₂and m). Different stages of mitosis and prophase - I meiosis with diagrams. Meaning of mitosis and meiosis. Differences between mitosis and meiosis.

(i) Transport in plants

Movement of water, gases and nutrients; transfer between cells, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water relations, absorption, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; transport of water over long distances - absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration withdrawal, root pressure and guttation; transpiration, opening and closing of stomata; uptake and movement of minerals - food transport - phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis; gas diffusion.

Definition of absorption; factors affecting absorption; importance of soaking, characteristics and importance of diffusion; osmosis - endosmosis and exosmosis; the importance of osmosis and turgor - osmotic pressure, turgor, wall pressure; definition of firmness, plasmolysis, deplasmolysis, meaning of water; active and passive water absorption; apoplastic and symplastic movements, definition of water potential and its components, i.e. potential of solute, matrix and pressure (numerical problems based on this concept are not required). Root pressure - definition and demonstration experiment. Explanation and definition of transpiration, meaning of transpiration. Mechanism of stomata - interconversion of starch ↔ sugar and mechanism of K+ ions. The mechanism of sap lifting by cohesion - the theory of transpiration tension and withdrawal. Guttation - definition, differences between transpiration and guttation. Function of stomata, spiracles and hydathodes. Absorption of minerals by active and passive transport. transport of dissolved substances; evidence of downward movement of organic substances in the phloem (band and trace technique), translocation mechanism - mass flow hypothesis.

(ii) Mineral nutrition

Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; deficiency symptoms; mineral toxicity; elementary concept of hydroponics, nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation. Criteria for the indispensability of minerals, hydroponics, macro and micronutrients; the role and symptoms of deficiency (hunger symptoms) of various elements. Mineral toxicity. Root nodulation, biological nitrogen fixation, non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Role of Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azolla, Anabaena and Nostoca; the importance of the nitrogenase complex and the leghemoglobin pigment. Nitrogen cycle (graphical representation).

(iii) Photosynthesis in higher plants

Photosynthesis as a way of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary

idea); photochemical and biosynthetic stages of photosynthesis; cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; roads C3 and C4; factors affecting photosynthesis. Contributions by Priestley, Sachs, Engelmann, van Neil; differences between absorption and action spectra. Briefly about photosynthetic pigments (the difference between chlorophyll 'a' and 'b', carotenoids and xanthophylls), photochemical phases - pigment systems, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, chemiosmotic hypothesis; biosynthesis phase - cycles C3 and C4 - graphical representation in the correct order (carboxylation, glycolytic reversion and pentose regeneration); Differences between C3 and C4 plants, C3 and C4 cycles, photosystems I and II, photorespiration pathway in brief - an explanation of how RuBP carboxylase works as RuBP oxygenase. Kranz anatomy. Blackman's law of limiting factors, factors affecting photosynthesis.

(iv) Plant respiration

gas exchange; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of generated ATP molecules; amphibolic pathways; respiratory factor.

Types of breathing; mechanism of respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETS (flowchart only). Oxidative phosphorylation - definition; A brief overview of fermentation and the amphibolic pathway. Definition of breathing factor and RQ values ​​of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

(v) Plant growth and development

seed germination; plant growth stages; differentiation, dedifferentiation and re-differentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell; growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalization; photo essay. Briefly about differentiation, dedifferentiation and re-differentiation. Meristem growth phases, growth rate - definition; growth measurement by direct method and auxanometer, factors influencing growth.

Discovery and physiological role of plant growth regulators (such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid - four effects each); use of growth regulators, Definition of dormancy and dormancy; causes and methods of breaking dormancy of seeds. Photomorphogenesis in plants. Short day, long day and neutral day plants concept; critical day length, definition and differences between photoperiodism and vernalization.

(i) Digestion and absorption.

The digestive tract and digestive glands, the role of digestive enzymes; peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; caloric content of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; gesture; eating and digestive disorders.

Caloric value of carbohydrates, proteins and fats per gram; Structure and function of digestive organs and related glands, types of dentition (thecodont, heterodont, diphyodont) and human dental formula; diagram of the digestive system with the correct location of the organs and associated glands; schematic representation of T.S. intestines showing four layers - histology of individual organs is not necessary; the physiology of digestion and absorption of food; definition of bolus, peristalsis, deglutation, emulsification; assimilation of digested food; digestive system disorders - protein malnutrition (PEM), indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.

(ii) Respiration and gas exchange.

Respiratory organs of animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; the mechanism of breathing and its regulation - gas exchange, gas transport and regulation of breathing, tidal volumes; breathing disorders.

Organs involved in breathing; the mechanism of gas exchange in the lungs; the process of breathing should be clarified, showing the action of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, the regulation of breathing; blood oxygen transport, oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve; CO2 transportation; chloride shift, lung air volume and lung capacity; respiratory diseases such as - asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory diseases.

(iii) Body fluids and circulation.

Blood composition, blood groups, blood clotting; the composition of the lymph and its function; human circulatory system - the structure of the human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation; regulation of heart activity; cardiovascular disorders.

Composition of blood plasma, functions of plasma proteins, blood cells. Difference between closed and open circulatory system; external and internal structures of the heart; the work of the heart and blood flow through the heart during the different phases should be described under the following headings - atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole and articular diastole; determination of stroke volume and cardiac output, regulation of heart rate, ECG; blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), double circulation. Internal structure of arteries, veins and capillaries. The importance of ABO groups in blood transfusion, the Rh factor and its importance in transfusion and pregnancy; blood clotting briefly teach; lymphatic system - a brief introduction to lymph (composition and function), capillaries and lymph nodes; cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris and heart failure.

(iv) Excretory products and their elimination.

Excretion routes - ammonothelism, ureothellism, uricotelism; human excretory system - structure and function; urine

formation, osmoregulation; regulation of renal function, renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; the role of erythropoietin; the role of other organs in excretion; excretion disorders - uremia, renal failure, kidney stones, nephritis; dialysis and an artificial kidney.

Define, distinguish and explain the terms ammonothelism, ureotelism and uricotelism; external and internal structure of the kidney (LS); nephron structure; physiology of urine formation - ultrafiltration, selective resorption and active (tubular) secretion. Countercurrent system, regulation of urine production, definition of urination, renin-angiotensin system, role of atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and erythropoietin.

The role of the skin, liver and lungs in excretion. Homeostasis - definition. Disorders of the excretory system - uremia, renal failure, nephrolithiasis, nephritis.

Hemodialysis and the artificial kidney.

(v) Ruch i ruch

Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscles - contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

Movement: The basics of the human skeleton (the number and names of the bones of the axial skeleton and the appendix).

Human skeleton functions; different types of joints - their location and function; general muscle properties; skeletal muscle building - the theory of muscle contraction by sliding fiber; chemical events during muscle contraction; definition of summation, tetanus, rigor mortis, differences between red and white muscles.

Musculoskeletal disorders:

(i) myastheniya gravis, (ii) tetaniya,

(iii muscular dystrophy, (iv) arthritis,

(v) Osteoporosis, (vi) gout.

(vi) Neural control and coordination

Neuron and nerves; human nervous system - central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulses; reflex; sensory perception; sense organs; elementary structure and functions of the eye and ear.

Structure and functions of different parts of the brain and spinal cord; conduction of nerve impulses through nerve fibers (unmyelinated and myelinated) and through synapses; reflex physiology, natural reflex and conditioned reflex - definition, examples and differences; reflex arc learned with a diagram showing the path with arrows; eye and ear: structure and work to be done with diagrams. Basic concept of nose (olfactory receptor) and tongue (taste receptor).

(vii) Chemical coordination and integration

Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of action of hormones (elementary idea); the role of hormones as transmitters and regulators of hypo- and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmos, diabetes and diabetes insipidus, Grave's disease, Addison's disease.

A brief idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe location of the endocrine glands; the role of the hypothalamus; hormones secreted by various lobes of the pituitary gland and their functions; feedback control of tropical hormones to be discussed with examples; pineal, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic, adrenal, gastrointestinal (gastrin, secretin, GIP, CCK-PZ) and gonadal hormones; mechanism of action of hormones (only through cAMP and steroid hormones); effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of various hormones glands.

Note:Briefly about diseases related to all human physiological systems.

• Contents
• Entry
• Presentation (charts, tables, diagrams, newspaper clippings, diagrams, photos, statistical analysis if applicable)
• Conclusion/Summary
• Bibliography